becker



July 31, 1928.

.1. BECKER COKING RETORT OVEN Filed Jan. 28, 1921 h 3 Sheets Sheet 1 July 31,..-192s.." I v 1,678,801

J. BECKER comm; RETbRT ovzm Filed Jan. 28. 1921 5 sheg'ts sheet 2 July 31, 1928. 1,678,801

J. BECKER COKING RETORT OVE N -Sheet 5 &

T v i jZY/SIZZET- Patented July 31, 1928.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

JOSEPH BECKER, OF PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, ASSIGNOR TO THE KOPPERS GOM- PANY, OLE PITTSBTJ'BGH, PENNSYLVANIA, A CORZORATION OF EENNSYLVANIA.

COKING RETORT OVEN.

Application filed January 28, 1921.

This invention comprehends improvements of general utility in the coking retort oven art, and also comprehends certain improvements especially applicable to coking retort ovens of the well-known cross-regenerative type exemplified in the patent to H. Koppel-s No. 818,033 dated April 17, 1906.

The invention has for objects the provision of a coking retort oven having, as an important characteristic, a novel construc tion of the heating walls and system of control of the flow tl lrough the flame fines of said walls and their communicably connected regcnerators, which eliminates the employment of horizontal or bus dues in the oven construction. The improvements made by the invention have the important advantage that they enable a considerable thickening and strengthening of the upper region of the walls of the oven structure.

In addition to the objects recited above, the invention contemplates a novel regenerativo construction and system of flow therctl'irough and through the lines, promoting uniformity of distribution, and has for other objects such other improvements and advantages in construction and operation as are 'li'ound to obtain in the structures and devices hereinafter described or claimed.

In the accompanying drawings, forming a part of this specification and showing, for purposes of exempli'lication, a preterred form and manner in which the, invention may be embodied and practiced, but withoutliu'iiting the claimed invention to such illustrative instance or instances:

Figure 1 is a crosswise vertical section through a coke oven battery embodying features above specified and equipped with the in'lprovements ot the present invention, the view being taken longitudinally through a coking chamber and a pair ot regenerators, in planes indicated by the line A, A of Fig.

Fig. 2 is a composite vertical sectional elevation taken longitudinally of a coke oven battery, in planes indicated by the lines D, D, E, E and Gr, G of Fig. 3; and

Fig. 3 is a composite vertical sectional elevation taken transversely of a coke oven lmttery, in planes indicated by the lines B, B

and C, C of Fig.

The same characters of reference designate the same parts throughout the several. views of the drawings.

Serial No. 440,645.

In the embodiment illustrated in the drawings, the invention is incorporated in a combination coke oven battery, i. e., a battery having provision for being operated either with producer gas for fuel or with coke oven gas burned in an atmosphere of ordinary preheated air such as is utilized in ordinary coke ovens or with coke oven burned in an atmosphere containing both air and a neutral gaseous diluent which is introduced into the flame flues separately from the air. A combination coke oven battery having these features is described and claimed in my Patent No. 1,416,322, for coking retort oven, dated May 16, 1922. For convenience, the present description will be confined to the present illustrated embodiment of the invention in such a coke oven battery; the novel features and improvements made by the invention are susceptible of other applications, such, for example, as ordinary so-called coke ovens employing coke oven gas for fuel, or ordinary so-called gas ovens employing producer gas for fuel; hence, the scope of the invention is not confined to the specific use and specific embodiment herein described as an illustrative example.

Referring to the drawings: there are illustrated views of a coke oven battery or plant of the by-product type, having features above specified; said oven battery embodies in its construction a plurality of crosswise elongated heating walls 11. 11 and a plural ity of intermediate crosswise elongated vertical coking chambers 12, 12. The heating walls 11 form the side walls of the respective coking chambers 12, as shown more particularly in Fig. 2, and, in the present in stance, are supported by the heavy support ing or pillar walls 13, 13 which extend crosswise of the battery and are located, as shown in Fig. 2, in pairs beneath the respective heating walls 11, 11. These pillar walls, together with other walls. hereinafter described, collectively form the main support for the entire superstructure of the oven battery, and are themselves supported upon a flat mat or platform which. constitutes the sub-foundation on which the entire battery rests.

The coal to be coked is charged into the several coking chambers or ovens through charging holes 14 located in the top 15 of the oven, battery and positis'med directly above the ovens or chambers 12, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. These charging holes 1% are equipped with the usual removable covers, which are removed during charging of the individual ovens or coking chambers and are placed in position to close the tops of such coking chambers during the entire coking or distilling operation. The gases of distillation pass from the tops of the several coking chambers 12 through gas out-lets 16 and thence through ascension pipes (not shown) into the u-tual gas collecting main which carries the distillation products to the byproduct recovery apparatus.

Heat Ltor coking the charges of coal in the several ovens or chambers 12 is derived from the heating walls 11, which as before mentioned, extend crosswise of the battery at the sides of the coking chambers. Referring now more particularly to Figs. 2 and 3, each heating wall 11 is constituted of two parallel series G and H of flame or combustion tlues 17. Each series of such flame flucs extends from end to end ot the heating wall and, in accordance with the invention all ot the tines ct one series of a heating wall operate concurrently for flow in the same direction while, at the same time, all of the fines of: the other series of the same heating wall are operating concurrently for flow in the opposite direction. \Vhen the se ies of lines on one side of a coking chamber are burning. that is to say, operating for upfiow the flame lines on the opposite side of the same coking chamber are operating for downflow to permit exhaust ot' the waste gases. Consequently heating is maintained continuously :i'rom end to end on one side of a charge of coking coal in each coking chamber, the heat ill 'ng applied to the full length of one side 01 such charge during an entire period and, then. after reversal, being applied to the full length 01 the opposite side of the charge, until a subsequent reversal is eticctcd. The wall section 17 separating the respective series of lines 17 in each wall are preferably made of substantial thickness as clearly shown in Figure 2 to prevent the escape of the burning gases therethrough om the combustion tines into the waste gas s as tend; to occur due to the pressure diiterential at the bottoms of the respective flue This construction also results in greatly strengthening the walls and permits the building of higher walls and lines, which is a very desirable feature, as well as tacilitating the introduction of the requiste number ot regcnerators.

The crosswise regenerators 18 of the re generator oven or battery are located at a lower level than the aforesaid heating walls 11 and coking chambers 12 and, in the present instance, extend in parallelism between the pillar walls 13 and the other heavy supporting walls hereinafter described. Lo-

cated in the middle lengthwise vertical plane of the coke oven battery, is a vertical partition 19, as shown in Fig. 1, which partition extends all the way up from the mat of the battery to the bottom of the overlying cok ing chamber and from one the other of the pillar walls 13, and the other walls which are between the pillar walls. The regenerators, which are resp ctively locatel on opposite sides of the battery extend inwardly to said partition 19 and are separated therc by as clearly shown in Fig. 1. This arrangement permits control from opposite sides of the battery of the tlow through the regenerators, thereby assisting the novel flue arrangement in promoting uniformity of distribution. Each rcgenerator 18 is a chamber containing open brickwork com monly called checkerwork, and indicated at 20, with a distributing sole channel 2i underneath such checkerwork, the channels forming the soles of such chambers and opening up into the checkerwork,

In accordance with the present cmhodi ment of the invention, a heavy vertical gartight supporting wall 22 extends in parallelism between each two adjacent pillar walls 13 and such supporting walls 22 provide two regcnerators located respectively on the opposite sides of such walls 2 and between adjacent pillar walls 13. The several walls 22 also have the function with the pillar walls 13 of supporting the weight of the battery superstructure. As shown in Fig. 2, the adjacent regenerators which are communicably connected with'the series G of flame Hues are respectively designated by the reference characters G and the adjacent regcncrators which are comnmnicably connected with the series H of flame fines are respectively de tignatcd by the reference character H.

The regenerators G and H are heated, in alternation, by the hot combustion products that are exhausted from the flame or combustion flues hereinbetore mentioned and then impart such heat to the medium that they feed into these flame flues; in the present instance, the flow through the pair of adjacent regenerators G on each side of the battery is maintained concurrently in the samedirection while the [low in the pairs of adjacent regenerators H on each side of the battery is also maintained (1011- currently in the same direction but in the opposite direction respectively to the flow through the pairs of regenerators G. Each regenerator is provided with a series of ducts 23 all of which lead respectively to individual flame flues 17 of the same heating wall. According to the invention the pairs of regenerators of the groups H are com municably connected by such ducts 23 with the fines of the series H of the heating walls, and the pairs of regenerators of the group G are communicably connected by similar ducts lii l l ih I 23 with the flame fines of the series G of the heating walls. With this construction, each fiame fine 17 of both series of each heating wall communicates by a pair of ducts 23 with adjacent separate regenerators through which fiow is maintained concurrently in the same direction, that is to say botlrof the regenerators which are connected with the same series of flame lines are either operating for infiow or for outflow. As shown in Fig. 2, the pairs of regenerators of the groups G alternate with the pairs of regenerators of the groups H.

In the present embodiment of the invention, an entire series of flame fines G or H of each heating wall is either burning or operating for downflow to convey waste products to the regenerators beneath, while the other series of the same h ating wall is operating for flow in a direction opposite to that in the series of fines just mentioned, and consequently the rcgcnerators aligned on opposite sides of the central longitudinal partition 19 operate concurrently for flow in the same direction and in the same manner. The reversal in flow through the flame fines on opposite sides of a coking chamber, and their communicably connected regenerators may thus be said to take place longitudinally of the oven battery, instead of transversely thereof, as has heretofore been a common practice in this art. The reversal of the oven is effected at the end of an operating period determined by practice, and by means of any preferred type of reversing mechanism. The function of such reversal is as follows: The regenerators and fines that prior to the reversal operated as inflow regenerators and fines become outflow regenerators and fines, and the outflow operating regenerators and fines become inflow operating regenerators and fines; the supply of gas is turned off from the previously upburning fines and turned into the mains of the previously downburning fines. Each flame fine 17 of both series of each heating wall has at its top a port or opening 24sfor draft and the passage of combustion prodnets or waste gas from the flame within the fine. In accorrilance with the invention, these ports 24. open up into passageways 25, there being a passageway 25 connecting each fine of a series G individually with the contiguous fine of the series H of the same heating wall. Thus all of the flues of a series G of a heating wall are individually eonnected by longitudinally extending passage ways 25 with the contiguous fines of the other group of the other series H of the same heating wall. By reason of the fact that the several passageways 25 of each heating wall are only required to have sufficient capacity for taking care of the flow from an individual fine and directing it into another individual fine, the thickness and.

strength of the heating walls are substantially increased in the region where one series of flame fines is connected with another. Moreover, because of the fact-that, in the present instance, the upburning fines are individually connected with the downburning fines, uniformity in distribution of the flow through the fines and the communicating regenerators is greatly promoted.

The draft through the ports 2& may be regulated by means of the usual movable dampers or sliding bricks 27, positioned in the ordinary way in the bottoms of the connectingpassageways 25 and adapted to be reached by access fines 28 which extend from the top of the passageways 25 in each heating wall to the top 15 of the battery, there being an access fine positioned over each flame or combustion fine of each heating wall.

Extending crosswise of the battery in each pillar wall 13 and located beneath the heating wall 11. thereabove, is a pair of gas supply channels 29 and 80. These channels 29 and 30 are for the purpose of supplying coke oven gas to the several flame fines on each side of the central line L, and to accomplish this end, the channel 29 communicates with the individual fines 17 on one side of said line L by means of duets 31 that lead from such channel 29 individually into the bottoms of individual fines; and the channel 30 which supplies the several fines that are located on the other side of the above mentioned dividing line L communicates there with by means of similarly connecting ducts. Within the several ducts are disposed the usual nozzles 32.

The supply of coke oven gas to the respective channels 29 and 30 is derived from coke oven gas means of the usual type and respectively located on the opposite sides of the battery and extending longitudinally therealong. Suitable means is provided for adn'iitting or cutting off the supply of gas with respect to each pair of channelr 29 and 30, it being understood that the gas supply is either concurrently i'naintained or concurrently shut off from both channels of a pair. For operating the battery alternately with the use of a special generator gas, such as producer gas for fuel, one regenerator of each pair 11' or G, this depending on which group is operating for inflow, may be optionally connected with a producer gas main, by mechanism such as disclosed in my before mentioned Patent No. 1,416,342, so that producer gas may be directed into one regenerator of each inflow operating pair and air into the other regenerator of each such pair, the air and producer gas being conveyed through these regenerators into burning fiame fines.

The operation of the battery, when using a special generator gas, such as ordinary producer gas for fuel, is as follows: The supply of coke oven gas to the coke oven gas main and to all. of the coke oven gas channels 29 and 30 is cut off. Assuming that the flue series H and their connected pairs or" regenerators of the group H are operating for inflow, a supply of producer gas is permitted to flow into one regenerator of each pair H and air into the other rcgenerator of each such pair. During the inflow of producer gas and air through the regenerators H waste gas from the downburning flues of the series G is flowing out through the communicably connected regenerators ot' the groups G. On reversal of the battery the inflow operating regenerators H and flues H become outflow regenerators and flues and concurrently the outflow operating regenerators G and flues G become inflow regenerators and flues.

In operating the battery with coke oven gas in the ordinary manner, the supply of producer gas to one member of each inflow operating pair of regenerators is shut oil and air is permitted to flow into such regenerators in place of the producer gas. During coke oven gas operation, a supply of coke oven gas is maintained in such oi the channels 29 and 30 as feed the upburning flues. The reversing mechanism is operated at each reversal to place all of the inflow operating regenerators in communication with the outer air and concurrently all of the outflow operating regenerators in communication with the exhaust. A further mode of operation is with coke oven gas as a fuel; combined with a supply of neutral gaseous diluent to the upburning flues. In so operating the battery, the supply of producer gas is turned off and the supply of coke oven gas is turned on. Instead however of permitting air to flow into such regenerators of the inflow operating groups that serve for producer gas, during the latter operation, waste gas is permitted to flow into such regenerators and be delivered thereby to the upburning flame flues. The admission into each of the upburning flues of a supply of neutral gaseous diluent, such as waste gas, is effective to lengthen greatly the flames within such flues and to prevent the localization of the hottest flame temperature in the extreme lower portions of the flues.

The invention as hereinabove set forth is embodied in a particular form of construction but may be variously embodied within the scope of the claims hereinafter made.

I claim:

1. In a coking retort oven, in combination: a plurality of parallel coking chambers; heating walls between and contiguous to such coking chambers and respectively constituted of two parallel series of vertical combustion flues, the individual combustion to the series of combustion flues with which they are connected; and means for separatcly controlling the individual flow through individual regcnerators and their connected series of combustion flues; substantially as specified.

2. In a coke oven battery, in combination: a plurality of parallel coking chambers; heating walls between and contiguous to such coking chambers and respectively constituted of two parallel series of vertical combustion flues, the individual lines of one series being communicably connected transversely of the heating walls with the individual flues of another series of the same heating wall; and individually regulable and reversible regenerators parallel with the coking chambers and the heating walls, such regenerators being grouped side-by-side into pairs and each pair of the regenerators being communicably connected with a single series of such combustion flues, the pairs of such regenerators being individual to the series of combustion flues with which they are connected; substantially as specified.

3. In a coke oven battery, in combination: a plurality of parallel coking chambers; heating walls between and contiguous to such coking chambers and respectively constituted of two parallel series of vertical combustion flues, the individual fines of one series being communicably connected transversely of the heating walls with the individual flues of another series of the same heating walls; and individually regulable and reversible regenerators parallel with the coking chambers and the heating walls, such regenerators being grouped side-by-side into pairs and alternate pairs of the regenerators being respectively connected with one series of combustion flues of the heating walls and the pairs of regenerators which are intermediate such alternate pairs being communicably connected with the other series of combustion flues ot' the heating walls, the pairs of such regenerators being individual to the series of combustion flues with which they are connected; substantially as specified.

t. In a coking retort oven, in combination: a plurality of coking chambers; heating walls contiguous to such coking chambers and respectively constituted of more than one similar series of vertical combustion flues of which each single flue of one series is connected with a corresponding single flue of another; and regenerators grouped lnto Sit) inn

pairs, each pair of such regenerators being communicably connected with one series of such combustion flues, the pairs of such regcnerators being individual to the series of combustion lines with which they are connected; substantially as specified.

5. In a coking retort oven, in combination: a plurality of coking chambers; heating walls contiguous to such coking chambers and respectively constituted of two similar series of vertical combustion fines of which each single flue of one series is connected with a corresponding single flue of the other; and regenerators grouped into pairs, each pair of such regenerators being communicably connected with a single series of such combustion flues, the pairs of such regenerators being individual to the series of combustion flues with which they are connected; substantially as specified.

6. In a coking retort oven, in combination: a plurality of coking chambers; heating walls contiguous to such coking chambers and respectively constituted of more than one parallel series of vertical combustion lines, one series of such flues being communicably connected with another series of such flues; and regenerators grouped into pairs, each pair of such regenerators being communicably connected with a single series of such combustion flues, the pairs of such regenerators being individual to the .series of combustion flues with which they are connected; substantially as specified.

7. In a coking retort oven, in combination: a plurality of coking chambers; heating walls contiguous to such coking cham bers and respectively constituted of two similar series of combustion fines of which each single fine of one series is connected with the corresponding single line of the other; and regenerators grouped into pairs, each pair of such regenerators being communicably connected with a single series of such combustion lines, the pairs of such regenerators being individual to the series of combustion flues with which they are connected; substantially as specified.

8. In a coking retort oven, in combination: a plurality of coking chambers; heat ing walls contiguous to such coking chambers and respectively constituted of more than one parallel series of combustion fines, one series of such flues being communicably connected with another series of such flues; and regenerators grouped into pairs, one pair of such regenerators being communicably connected with one series of such combustion fines, and another pair of such regenerators being communicably connected with the other series of such fiues, the pairs of such regcnerators being individual to the series of combustion flues with which they are connected; substantially as specified.

9, In. a coking retort oven, in combination: a plurality of coking chambers; heating walls contiguous to such coking chainbers and respectively constituted of a plurality of similar series oi combustion fines of which each single flue 01 one series is connected with the corresponding single line of: another series; and regenerators grouped into pairs, a pair of such regenerators being cominunicably connected with one series ol' such combustion lines, and another pair 05 such regenerators being communicably U011: nected with the'other series of such lines, the respective pairs of such rcgenerators being individual to the series of combustion lines with which they are connected; substantiah ly as specified.

10. In a coking retort oven, in coinbination: a plurality of parallel coking chambers; heating walls between and contiguous to such coking chambers and respectively constituted of two series of vertical combustion fines of which each single flue of one series is communicably connected with a con responding single flue of the other series, so as to allow flow in one series simultaneously counter to that in the other, said series lying respectively on the opposite sides of. their respective heating walls and being separated from each other by partition walls that, to prevent leakage of gas from one to the other, are substantially thicker than the flue-walls facing the coking-chambers, the said thick partition being proportioned as a massive division wall and adapted to be gastight against extremes of pressure-differential between the mutually opposite countercurrent branches of the long flow-path through the combustion-fines that parallel each other on opposite sides of said wall and are interconnected through its top; and regenerators parallel to the heating walls and communicably connected to said :tlues; substantially as specified.

11. In a coking retort oven, in combination: a plurality of parallel coking chambers; heating walls between and contiguous to such coking chambers and respectively constituted of two series of combustion flues, communicably connected. so as to allow flow in one series simultaneously counter to that in the other, said series lying respectively on the opposite sides of their respective heating walls and being separated from each other by partition walls that, to prevent leakage of gas from one to the other, are substantially thicker than the fluewalls facing the coking-chambers, the said thick partition being proportioned as a massive division wall and adapted to be gastight against extremes of pressure-differential between the mutually opposite countercurrent branches oi the long flow-path through the combustion-fines that parallel each other on opposite sides of said wall and are interconnected through its top; and reloo generators parallel to the heating walls and commnnicably connected to said fines; substantially as specified.

12. In a coking retort oven, in combination: a plurality of parallel coking chambers; heating walls between and contiguous to such coking chambers, one of said heating walls comprising combustion fines lying respectively on the opposite sides thereof and separated from each other by a partition wall substantially thicker than the flue-walls facing the coking-chambers, said fines on said opposite sides being parallel to each other and commnuicably connected together,

so that a gas flow in said fines may be simnlitaneonsly counter-current on the opposite sides of said partition wall; and regenerators parallel to the heating walls and com mnnicably connected to said fines, said regener-ators being all located laterally of each other and arranged in groups respectively adapted to convey to said fines air or air and a preheated combustible gas. and to remove the waste gases therefrom in alternation, and'means for supplying at will to said fines an nnpreheated combustible gas.

13. In a coking retort oven, in combination: a plurality of parallel coking chambers; heating walls between and contiguous to such coking chambers, one of said heating walls comprising combustion fines lying respectively onth'e opposite sides thereof and separated from each other by p'artition wall substantially thicker than the fine-walls facing the coking-chambers, said fines on said opposite sides being parallel to each other and commnnicably' connected together, so that a gas flow in said fines may be simultaneously counter-current on the opposite sides of said partition wall and regenerators parallel to the heating-walls and communicably connected to said fines and arranged in groups respectively adapted to convey to said fines air or air and a preheated. combustible gas and to remove the waste gases therefrom in alternation, and'means for supplying at will to said fines an unpreheater combustible gas.

14. In a coking retort oven, in combination: a plurality of parallel coking chambers; heating walls between and contiguous to such coking chambers, one of said heating walls comprising combustion fines lying respectively on the opposite sides thereof and separated from each other by a partition wall substantially thicker than the fine+walls facing the coking-chambers, said fines on said opposite sides being parallel to each other and communicably connected together,

so that a gas fiow in-said fines may be simnltaneonsly counter-current on the opposite sides of said partition wall and regenerat'ors parallel to the heatingwalls and communicably connected to said fines, said regenerators being all located laterally of each other and arranged in groups respectively adapted to convey to said fines air and a preheated combustible gas and to remove the waste gases therefrom inalteration.

15. In a coking retort oven, in combination: a plurality of parallel coking chambers; heating walls between and contiguous to such coking chambers, each of said walls being constituted of two parallel sets of combustion fines; means commnnicably interconnecting said sets transversely of said walls; said connected combustion fines being separated fromeach other by partition walls thatiare substantially thicker than the fluewalls facing the. coking-chambers; and re generators parallel to the heating-walls and commnnicably connected to said fines and arranged in groups respectively adapted in alternation. to convey to said fines air or air and: a preheated combustible gas and to remove thewaste gases therefrom, and means for supplying at will to said fines an unpreheated combustible gas.

16. In a coking retort oven, in combination: a plurality of parallel coking chambers; heating walls between and contiguous to such coking chambers, each of said walls being constituted of two parallel sets of combnstionfines; means commnnicably interconnecting said sets transversely of said walls; said connected combustion fines being se arated fromeach other by partition walls t at are substantially thicker than the fine-walls facing the coking-chambers; and regenerators parallel to the-heating walls and commnnicably connected to said fines and arranged ingroups respectively adapted in alternation to convey to said fines air and a preheated combustible gas and to remove the Waste gases therefrom.

17. In: a. coking retort oven, in combination: a plnrality of parallel coking chambers; heating walls between and contiguous to such coking chambers and respectively constituted of two series of vertical combustion fines, commnnicably connected with each other so as to allow flow in one series simultaneonsly counter to that in the other, said series lying respectively on the opposite sides of their respective heatin walls and. being separated from each other 1y partition walls that are substantially thicker than the finewalls facing the coking-chambers; and two series of inspection holes, for said fines, through the'oven top, above and registering with the twoseries of combustion fines that lie on opposite side of the thick partition Wall.

18. In a coking retort oven, the combina tion claimed: in. claim 11 and in which the tops of said two series, together with the communication between them, are isolated from the topportions of the coking-chambers respectively adjacent said series by walls substantially thicker than the fine-walls facing the coking-chambers at levels lower than said top portions thereof.

19. In a coking retort oven, in combination: a plurality of parallel coking chambers; heating walls between and contiguous to such coking chambers and respectively constituted of vertical combustion flues communicably connected in pairs each pair comprising two combnstion-flues adapted for reversal of flow from one to the other and for simultaneous flow in counter-current with each other; said connected combustion flues being separated from each other by partition walls that are substantially thicker than the flue-walls facing the coking-chambers; and a crosswise regenerative system arranged below and communicating with the fiues of said heating walls by upwardly directed ducts substantially individual to the fines, some of the regenerators during the inflow period, operating to convey to said fiues an extraneously derived gas, such as producer gas, and some to convey air, the said gasregenerator ducts and the said air-regenerator ducts for each heating-wall being of substantially the same proportions and locations relative to those for the several other heating-walls to promote substantial equality between the heating-walls as to flow between them and the regenerators respectively servin them.

b JOSEPH BECKER. 

